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The body formulates doctrines, oversees the production of written material for publications and conventions, and administers the denomination's worldwide operations. Its size has varied, from seven —, — [ 5 ] [ 6 ] to eighteen —, — [ 7 ] members [ 8 ] [ 9 ] —all of them men. Since its incorporation in , the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania has been directed by a president and board of directors.

Until January , the president exercised complete control of doctrines, publications and activities of the Watch Tower Society and the religious denominations with which it was connected—the Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses. Rutherford , encountered opposition from directors in , he dismissed them. In , he overruled the Watch Tower Society's editorial committee when it opposed publication of an article about disputed doctrines regarding the year In , the editorial committee was dissolved.

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A organizational handbook stated that "the visible governing body has been closely identified with the board of directors of this corporation. On October 1, , Watch Tower Society vice-president Frederick Franz addressed the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania corporation in Buckingham, Pennsylvania , stating that the legal corporation of the Watch Tower Society was an "agency" or "temporary instrument" used by the Governing Body on behalf of the " faithful and discreet slave ".

The board of directors had until then met only sporadically, usually to discuss the purchase of property or new equipment, leaving decisions about Watch Tower Society literature to the president and vice-president, Nathan Knorr and Fred Franz. The focus on the new concept of " theocratic " leadership was accompanied by statements that the structure was not actually new: The Watch Tower declared that "a governing body made its appearance" some time after the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Society in , [ 25 ] though it had not been referred to as such at the time.